Ni Ibihe Bimenyetso Bisanzwe Vya RFID Ku Ncuro Yose?
Dec 22, 2025
Sima ubutumwa
Ni ibihe bimenyetso vya RFID bimenyerewe ku nkuru yose?
Incuro nizo zigena vyose muri RFID. Soma urugendo, ubushobozi bw'amakuru, ubushobozi bw'ibidukikije, igiciro ku kintu-vyose bisubira aho ikimenyetso cicara ku nzira y'umuyagankuba. Inyuma yo kohereza amamiliyoni y’ibimenyetso mu bijanye n’ugucungera ukwinjira, gucunga amatungo, no gusaba kwishura kuva mu 2006, ivyerekanwa biratomoye.
Ivyuma bitatu vy’incuro ni vyo biganzwa mu gukoresha RFID mu bucuruzi: incuro ntoyi ku 125-134.2 kHz, incuro nyinshi ku 13.56 MHz, n’incuro nyinshi cane hagati ya 860-960 MHz. Buri bandi ifise ama chips yihariye yacitse ingingo mfatirwako z’inganda, no gutahura ama tags akora aho bibuza ukunanirwa kw’uguhuza guzimvye.
Incuro nto
125 kHz band igereranya ubuhinga bwa kera cane bw’ubudandaji bwa RFID bukiriko burakorwa. Imiryango ibiri y’ibice vy’umubiri ni yo ikora cane.
EM4100 na pin-ihuye n'umuhinduzi wayo TK4100 biguma ari ihitamwo ry'imbere ry'igenzura ry'ishimikiro ry'ukwinjira. Izo nkuru zisomwa-gusa zibika ikimenyetso kidasanzwe c'ibice 64-hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa Manchester, zikora aho hose kuva kuri 100-150 kHz. Ubuhinga bwo kwibuka bukurikira uburyo buhoraho: ibice 9 vy’umutwe, ibice 40 vy’abaguzi n’amakuru y’uruhererekane afise uburinganire bw’umurongo, n’ibice 4 vy’uburinganire bw’inkingi vyo kumenya amakosa. Nta gupfuka, nta kwemeza-gusa umubare utangazwa igihe cose igice cinjira mu kibanza c’umusomyi.
Igiharuro co gusoma-gusa gifise akamaro gatoyi kuruta ikinogo c'umutekano. Iyerekanwa rya ICT ryo mu 2023 ryerekanye ko umuntu ashobora gukora cloning y’ivyemezo mu masegonda atanu. Ku bijanye n’ugushikira inyubakwa aho ikigereranyo c’iterabwoba gifata ko hariho uguhagarika kw’ishimikiro aho gufata umutekano nyawo, EM4100/TK4100 keyfobs iracariko iragenda mu bwinshi. Igiciro c’ibintu vyinshi gishobora gushika ku madolari 0,15 ku kimwe cose.
Ihinduka ry'ukwandika rikoresha EEPROM y'ibice 512-itunganijwe mu bice 16 vy'ibice 32 kuri kimwe cose. Amabuye 0 na 1 afata amakuru y'umuhinguzi harimwo UID y'ibice 32-n'ubwoko bw'ibice. Igipande ca 2 kibika ijambobanga ry'ibice 32- ry'uburinzi bwo gusoma/kwandika. Ivyumba 5 gushika ku 15 bitanga umwanya uhagije w'abakoresha ku bikorwa vyoroshe bikeneye kubika ibirenze ikimenyetso gusa. Ibice vy'ugufunga bishobora guhindura ububiko bwose mu buryo bwo gusoma gusa nk'igikorwa c'igihe kimwe.
Imenyekanisha ry'ibikoko rikoreshwa ku 134.2 kHz hakurikijwe ISO 11784/11785, hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa FDX-B bufise ubuhinga bw'imibare 15-y'igihugu-igikoko-imiterere y'igihugu. Ico kibanza co gukoreramwo ibintu aha gikora ama microchips y’ibirahuri arenga 300.000 yemejwe na ICAR ku mwaka, akoreshwa n’ishirahamwe ry’ubuzima bw’ibikoko ryo muri Turukiya ryonyene. Ibirahuri bihuye n’ibinyabuzima birabuza ko utugingo ngengabuzima tudashobora kwanka, kandi ivyo bipande biguma bishobora gusomwa mu kiringo cose ico gikoko kizoba kikiriho. Ivyo bikoresho bishika ku bihumbi 500-600.000 ku kwezi mu migambi yose yo guhinga inka muri Mexique, Mongoliya, Senegali, Moritaniya na Botswana.
Incuro nyinshi
Ibarabara rya 13.56 MHz rikora munsi y’imiryango ibiri ikomeye y’amaprotocole, kandi kuyitera urujijo biratera ingorane.
Imburi y'umutekano
ISO 14443 ipfuka amakarata y’ubucuti afise urugendo rwo gusoma rusanzwe ruri munsi ya 10cm. MIFARE iguma ariyo muryango w’ibice vy’umubiri uganza hano, ariko MIFARE zose ntizingana. Ivyiyumviro vya kera bikoresha ubuhinga bwa Crypto-1 vyacitse intege kuva mu 2008-ivyo Unsaflok yatangaje muri Ntwarante 2024 vyashize ahabona amahoteli ashobora guhungabana agera ku miriyoni 3 mu bibanza 13.000. MIFARE DESFire ifise AES-128 iguma itekanye ibitero bizwi.
MIFARE Classic S50 y’umwimerere itanga 1KB y’ububiko bugabanywemwo imice 16, imwe yose ikaba irimwo ibice bine vy’amabyte 16-. Buri rwego rugumya ubugenzuzi bwigenga bw’ugushikira n’imfunguruzo zibiri z’amabayiti 6 (Urufunguzo A n’Urufunguzo B) n’umwanya w’imirongo y’ugushikira y’amabayiti 4. Igishushanyo c’ibice gisobanura uburenganzira bwo gusoma, kwandika, kwongera, no kugabanya ku gice cose kiremera gutunganya umutekano w’ibice-canke vyakozwe, imbere y’uko ugusenyuka kw’ibanga bihinduka ahanini ivy’inyigisho.
ISO 15693
ISO 15693 ipfuka amakarata y’ibara ry’agahama afise urugendo rwo gusoma rushika kuri metero 1-1,5. I·CODE 2 chip iva muri NXP ikora hano n’ibice 1024 vyatunganijwe nk’ibice 32 vy’ibice 4 kuri kimwe cose. UID y’ibice 64 ituriwe mu gihe co gukora iratuma haba ikintu kidasanzwe. Igitigiri co gutanga amakuru gishika kuri 53 kbps, kandi umurongo wo kurwanya ugutombokana ukorana n’ibimenyetso vyinshi mu murima icarimwe. Igitigiri kirekire catumye I·CODE 2 iba ingingo ngenderwako y’ibitabo, ibibanza vyo gusuzumiramwo ibikoresho, n’ibikorwa vyose aho ikimenyetso kidashobora kuzanwa ku musomyi.
Ukwishura n'ugutwara
Ibisabwa vyo kwishura no gutwara abantu bisaba ko umuntu yubahiriza ISO 14443. Amakarata y’imigenzo agera ku miriyoni 2 yoherezwa buri mwaka ku bw’umugambi wo gukora amabanki yo muri Tajikistan arakurikiza iyo ngingo ngenderwako, agafasha mu kwishura imisoro, mu gutanga ibikorwa vya Leta no mu gutanga amafaranga y’amazi. Umuhinga mu vy’ubuhinga bwa none wo muri Isirayeli agura izindi karata zishika imiliyoni 2 ku mwaka kugira ngo akoreshe ibikorwa remezo vyo kwishura mu bibanza vy’imyidagaduro. Ivyo bikoresho vyose bisaba urugendo rwo gusoma hafi-gutera ikarita uri kure ya metero imwe vyotuma haba amahirwe y'ubuhendanyi.
Incuro nyinshi -incuro nyinshi
UHF RFID iri hagati ya 860-960 MHz ikora ku buhinga butandukanye rwose. Aho gukoresha ubuhinga bwo gufatanya, UHF ikoresha ubuhinga bwo gusubira inyuma bw’umuyagankuba, bikaba bishoboza gusoma intambwe z’amametero 10-15 n’abasomyi badahinduka be n’ukumenya ibice vy’ibimenyetso 200+ ku segonda.
Ivyagezwe vya EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C) Ububiko
Vyabitswe
EPC
Igikoresho c'ubuhinga bwa none
Kode
TID
Igishushanyo # & Umuhinguzi
Indangamuntu
Ukoresha
Amakuru y'ikoreshwa
Itegeko rya EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C) risobanura imitunganirize y’ukwibuka mu mabanki ane. Ubuhinga bwo kwibuka bufise ijambobanga ryo kwica ry’ibice 32 n’ijambobanga ryo kwinjira ry’ibice 32. Ububiko bwa EPC burimwo CRC y’ibice 16, ibice vy’ubugenzuzi vyerekana uburebure bwa EPC, n’Itegeko ry’Igicuruzwa c’Ikoranabuhanga ubwaryo-uburebure buhinduka butangura kuri aderesi 20h. Ububiko bwa TID bubika umugwi w’ugutanga ISO w’ibice 8, ID y’umuhinguzi w’ibara ry’umubiri w’ibice 12, n’umubare w’akarorero k’ibice 12. Ubwonko bw'ukoresha buratandukanye n'igice ariko butanga umwanya w'amakuru y'ibikorwa.
Umutekano ukurikije akarorero k’imashini ya Leta. Ama tags ari mu rwego rwa OPEN yemera amabwirizwa y'ishimikiro. Gutanga ijambobanga ry'ukwinjira ryiza bituma ikimenyetso kija mu rwego rw'UMUTEKANO, bikaba bishoboza gufunga no gufungura ibikorwa. Hari ubwoko butatu bw’ugufunga: uburinzi bwo kwandika busaba ijambobanga, uruhusha rwo kwandika ubudasiba rudashobora gufungwa, n’ugufunga ubudasiba kubuza kwandika kwose kwo muri kazoza.
Ugutanga incuro mu karere bigabanya ibikorwa vya UHF. Amerika ya ruguru ikoresha 902-928 MHz. Uburayi bukora ku 865-868 MHz. Ivyo birahambaye ku bikorwa vy’uruhererekane mpuzamakungu aho ama tags ajabuka imipaka.
Inyungu y’ivy’ubuhinga nta co ishobora guhakana. Ivyiyumviro vy’ububiko vyatwaye imisi n’ugupima kode y’amabara birangiye mu masaha makeyi n’UHF. Pallet-urugero rwo gukurikirana, kumenya imodoka, gucunga ibikoresho-aho hose umuvuduko munini-ugusoma vyinshi bishingira intahe ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo.
Guhitamwo incuro mu bikorwa
Igiti c’ingingo ni kigufi kuruta uko abagurisha babibona.
- Igenzura ry’ishimikiro ry’ugushikira n’ibisabwa bikeyi vy’umutekano biracari ku 125 kHz kubera igiciro.
- Ikintu cose gisaba kwemezwa nyaco gikeneye 13.56 MHz n'ububiko bwa none-DESFire, atari Classic.
- Imenyekanisha ry’ibikoko ryashitse ku 134.2 kHz FDX-B kw’isi yose.
- Ukwishura bisaba ISO 14443.
- Ivy'ubuhinga vy'urugendo rurerure-bisigura UHF.
Dual-incuro keyfobs ziriho ku bikorwa vy'ukwimuka, zirimwo 125 kHz na 13.56 MHz mu nzu imwe. Abasomyi b’iragi babona igice kimwe, abasomyi bavuguruwe babona ikindi. Igishushanyo c'ama antene kigaragaza nimba izo nkuru zompi zikora neza-si uruganda rwose ruronka uburenganzira bwo gukora.
Ico gice kiri imbere kirahambaye kuruta incuro zicapwe ku rupapuro rw’amakuru. Imyaka mirongo itatu-itandatu y’ugufunga amahoteli ashobora gushikirwa n’ingorane vyagaragaje ivyo.
Wohereze Itohoza