Ikarata ya EM mu kugenzura uburenganzira bwo kwinjira: Ubwoko, umutekano n'ingene wohitamwo (2026)
May 14, 2026
Sima ubutumwa
Ikarata ya 125kHz Igikoresha Inyubakwa nyinshi
Injira mu nyubakwa iyo ari yo yose y’ibiro, mu nzu y’uburaro, canke mu nzu y’inganda, kandi birashoboka ko amakarata y’uruja n’uruza abakodesha bitwara mu masakoshi yabo akora kuri 125kHz. Izo ni amakarita ya EM, ivyemezo vy’ukwegeranya vyubatswe ku gice ca EM4100 canke TK4100, kandi biguma ari ubuhinga bwo gushika ku muryango-bukoreshwa cane kw’isi. Imiryango irenga 73% kw'isi yose yizigira uburyo bumwe bumwe bwo kugenzura uburenganzira bwo gukoresha RFID- (Raporo z'iterambere ry'isoko), kandi umugabane munini w’ico kibanza cashizweho uracari ku buhinga bwa EM kuva mu ntango z’imyaka ya 2000.
Ikarata EM ni ikimenyetso ca RFID gisomwa-gusa. Itwara ikimenyetso kidasanzwe c’ibice 64-bit (UID) gituriwe ubudasiba muri chip iri ku ruganda. Nta bateri iri imbere. Iyo iyo karata yinjiye mu gisata c’umuyagankuba c’igisomyi gihuye, mu bisanzwe kiri hagati ya santimetero 2 na 15, iyo nzira itanga inguvu ku nzira y’umuringa y’antene iri muri iyo karata, maze iyo chip igatanga UID yayo biciye ku guhindura amajambo y’i Manchester. Umusomyi afata iyo nomero, akayirungikira uwugenzura urugi, uwo mugenzuzi akayisuzuma agereranije n’urutonde rw’amakuru kugira ngo amenye nimba urugi rufunguka. Amashirahamwe y’abaguzi ariko araronderaem4100 ikarita yo kwinjira mu muryangoakenshi baraba neza neza iyi chip, canke pin-ihuye n'iyindi, TK4100.
Mu buryo bw’umubiri, ikarita y’ukwegeranya EM isanzwe ihuye n’ingero za ISO 7810 ID-1 (85,5 mm × 54 mm × 0,76 mm) kandi ikoreshwa muri PVC, ABS, canke PET bivanye n’ivyo bisabwa kugira ngo ikomeze. Ubushuhe bwo gukoresha buva kuri degre −20 gushika kuri degre 50 . Kugira ngo ubone neza ingene ama chips ya RFID abika no gutanga amakuru ku rugero rw’amasezerano, icegeranyo c’ubuhinga ca Syntek kivuga kuikimenyetso n'ivy'ishimikiro.
Ni gute ikarita ya EM ikora muri Sisitemu yo Gucungera Ukwinjira?
Igihe cose em ikarita y’ugucungera uruhererekane ikurikira uruhererekane rw’ikimenyetso rumwe: ikarita → umusomyi → umugenzuzi → urutonde rw’amakuru → urufunguzo rw’umuyagankuba. Igikoresho co gusoma ikarita ya EM co kugenzura ukwinjira gisohora UID yafashwe hakoreshejweWiegand amasezerano y'ibice 26, interface y'imyaka mirongo-yacitse ikigereranyo c'amashanyarazi mu bijanye n'ugushikira. Wiegand 26-bit itanga amakarata ya EM ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gusoma: hafi umugenzuzi wese wo ku isoko azovyemera.
Kubera ko Wiegand 26-bit payload ari umubare ugororotse, udashizwemwo amakuru ata n’umwe yemeza igihe, igikoresho cose gishobora gufata ikimenyetso kiri hagati y’umusomyi n’umugenzuzi gishobora gusubiramwo iyo nkuru. Ugufunguka kwatumye ubuhinga bwa 125kHz bworoha gukoreshwa ni co kintu nyene gituma bworoha gusenyuka.
Ivyiyumviro bisanzwe vyo gukoresha aho ubuhinga bushingiye kuri EM{0}}buguma ari bwo buhambaye harimwo amarembo y’abanyagihugu, inzitizi z’amagaraje y’ibinyabiziga, igihe c’uruganda-aho abantu baza, n’inzugi z’imbere mu bigo bininibinini. Kugira ngo ubone ishusho yagutse y’ingene ubuhinga bwa RFID bujanye n’inyubako z’ubuhinga bwa none, intangamarara ya Syntek ku bijanye n’ugucungera ubuhinga bwa RFID yerekana ibidukikije vyose.
Ikarata ya EM n’ikarita ya IC n’ikarata ya CPU: Ni igiki mu vy’ukuri gitandukanye
Ingingo nyinshi zo kugereranya zishiraho imeza y’ibintu bigaragara maze zigakomeza. Imeza ni ngirakamaro, ariko ingaruka nyazo zo kugura zica munsi yayo.
| Ingano | Ikarata ya EM (ikarata y'indangamuntu) | Ikarata ya IC (Imifare) | Ikarata ya CPU |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kenshi | 125 KHz | 13.56 MHz | 13.56 MHz |
| Kwibuka | 64-ibice UID, gusoma gusa | 1–4 KB, gusoma-kwandika | 8–64 KB+, gusoma-kwandika na OS |
| Gushiramwo amakuru | None | Crypto1 (Ivya kera) / AES (Umuriro wa DESF) | 128/256, moteri y'ibanga iri ku ikarita |
| Uguhangana n'uguhingura | Nta - yakozwe mu masegonda | Hasi (Ivya kera) gushika Hejuru (DESFire EV3) | Hejuru cane - kwemezanya |
| Ibikorwa vyinshi- | Umurimo umwe | Biringaniye (kuronka + kwitaba) | Yuzuye (ukuronka, kwishura, akaranga) |
| Igiciro c'ikimwe (vyinshi) | $0.08–$0.15 | $0.30–$1.20 | $1.50–$5.00+ |
| Ikoreshwa risanzwe | Urugi rw'ishimikiro, ahantu ho guhagarara | Ukwinjira mu biro, amakarata y'ishure | Indangamuntu ya Leta, banki, gutwara |
Ibiciro bishingiye ku giciro c'amategeko menshi ya Syntek ku 10,000+ ibipimo vy'ibice; igiciro nyaco kirahindagurika bivanye n’ihinduka ry’ibice, icapa, n’ibisabwa vyo gushiramwo amakuru.
Itandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati y’ikarita ya em n'ikarita ya Mifaresi umubare w’incuro gusa. Ni itandukaniro hagati y’ikimenyetso c’uburenganzira gitangaza inomero y’urutonde idahinduka ku muntu wese yumviriza n’ikimenyetso c’uburenganzira gishobora gutera ingorane umusomyi kugira ngo yerekane akaranga kiwe bwite imbere yo gusangira amakuru. Hagati y’ikarita ya IC n’ikarita ya CPU, igisimbuka kiva ku rwego rw’uburinzi bw’urufunguzo rw’umuce - kija ku buryo bwo gukoresha bushitse ku -ikarita bushobora gukoresha amaporogarama y’ubuhinga bwa none, iyo nyubakwa nyene ikingira amakarita ya banki n’indangamuntu z’igihugu.
Ukuri kw’umutekano ku bijanye n’amakarata ya EM: Ivyo abarongozi benshi basiga
Aha niho ibintu vyinshi vy'inyigisho bihagarara ku "amakarata ya EM ashobora gukoporwa" bikaja imbere. Ukuri ni kwo gutomoye cane, kandi ivyo bintu vyihariye birahambaye ku muntu wese afata ingingo yo gugura canke gusubiramwo.
Ikarata EM4100 irungika UID yayo mu buryo butomoye, ata gufatanya ukuboko kw’ukwemeza, igihe cose yinjiye mu kibanza c’umusomyi. Abashakashatsi mu vy’umutekano baragaragaje ko hariho ibintu bikora bishobora gukorwa mu masegonda atarenga 30 hakoreshejwe amakopi y’amaboko y’ubuhinga bwa none (RFID) agura amadolari atarenga 20 (Umunyabwenge w'umutekano). Mu mwaka w’2013, umushakashatsi wo muri Bishop Fox yubatse igikoresho co gusoma 125kHz gikoreshwa na Arduino kugira ngo yerekane koem4100 rfid ikarita umutekanoni, mu majambo ngirakamaro, bingana no gukora fotokopi y’ibara ry’uruzitiro (Kisi).
Ariko ingorane zirarengeye umuntu aguriza ikarata umunota umwe. Ubushakashatsi bw’inyigisho bwagaragaje ko ama antene afise ubushobozi bwinshi-ashobora gusoma UID y’ikarita EM y’uburemere bwa 125kHz ari ku ntambwe zishika kuri metero 3, birenze cane ubumenyi bw’uwufise ikarita ko ivyemezo vyiwe biriko birafatwa (MDPI Technologies). Ivyo bituma ubusuma bwa "card in your pocket" buba igitero c'ukuri, atari igitero c'ivyiyumviro.
Ehe igice ingingo nyinshi zanditswe n'abaguzi-zitazokubwira: guhindura kuva kuri EM ukaja kuri Mifare Classic ntibitorera umuti ingorane. Igiharuro ca CRYPTO1 ca Mifare Classic caravunitse mu vy'inyigisho mu myaka iheze, kandi ibikoresho vy'inkomoko yuguruye- (MFOC, MFCUK) birashobora gucapura imfunguruzo z'imice bivuye ku gukorana kw'ikarita imwe. Ivyuma vy’abaguzi nka Flipper Zero vyatumye ubuhinga bwa Mifare Classic buja mu karere k’abakunda ivy’ugukina. Inzira y’ukuri yo gusubiramwo umutekano ijana kuMifare DESFumuriro EV2 canke EV3., zikoresha AES-128 gupfuka no kwemezanya, uburyo bw'umutekano butandukanye cane. Mu kigeragezo co gukoresha amakarata y’ubuhinga bwa none cakozwe n’abagurisha, ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bwo gucungera umutekano ryo mu Buraya ryatangaje yuko gukoresha amakarata y’ubwenge afise amakuru y’ibanga vyagabanyije ingorane zo gukora amakarata y’ubuhinga bwa none ku rugero rwa 96 kw’ijana (Raporo z'iterambere ry'isoko).
Iryo tandukaniro rirahambaye kubera ko amashirahamwe y'amasoko akenshi yemeza ingengo y'imari y'"ugusubiramwo Mifare" ataco asobanura ku buryo Mifare ihinduka. Itandukaniro ry'igiciro hagati ya Mifare Classic n'ivyemezo vya DESFire EV3 ni nk'ibice 3–5× (bishingiye ku giciro c'ubuhinga bwa Syntek), kandi itandukaniro ry'umutekano ni itandukaniro hagati ya "bishobora gusenyuka n'ibikoresho vy'ubuntu" na "bidashobora gusenyuka n'uburyo bugezweho."
Igihe amakarata ya 125kHz EM agifise insiguro - n'igihe ataco akora
Gukuraho ubuhinga bwa EM burundu vyoba ata co bimaze nk’ukwirengagiza aho bugarukira. Hariho ibintu vyemewe aho a125khz em ikarita yo hafibiguma ari uguhitamwo kwiza, kandi kumenya urubibi birabuza gukoresha amahera menshi -n'ugukingira birenze -.
Ikarata za EM ziguma zishobora gukingirwa ku miryango y’imbere mu bidukikije aho uruzitiro rusanzwe rukingiwe n’ivyemezo vy’agaciro kanini canke biometrics, nk’ibarabara ry’imbere ry’ibikoresho imbere mu nzu y’ibiro irindwa na DESFire-. Bihuye kandi n’ingengo y’imari-ibikorwa bifise uburenganzira bwo gukoreshwa aho ibintu birinzwe bifise agaciro gatoyi ko gusubirira kandi uburyo bwo gutera ubwoba ntiburimwo ukwinjira mu mubiri: ivyumba vy’imyidagaduro vy’abanyagihugu, uturere tw’ububiko tutagira -ububiko, igihe c’ishimikiro-kuza aho ikarita ifatanye n’ibiri {{IN}kode y’ukugenzura}
Ikarata ya EM irahagarika gusobanura igihe ikigo gikora amakuru ategekanijwe, ibikoresho vy’ivy’ubutunzi, urutonde rw’imiti, canke umutungo uwo ari wo wose iyo ushizwe mu ngiro ushobora gutuma habaho ingaruka zo kwubahiriza amategeko. Ivyumba vy’amakuru, ibibanza vy’ubudandaji bw’amahera, ububiko bw’imiti y’ubuvuzi, n’ibibanza vya Leta ntibikwiye kwizigira ivyemezo bishobora kwisubirwamwo n’igikoresho c’amadolari 15 kivuye ku isoko ryo kuri Internet.
Imwe mu nkuru zifata amashirahamwe ataco yiteze ni ugutanga inyubakwa. Iyo ishirahamwe ricungera umutungo rifashe inyubakwa, urutonde rw’ikarata yo kwinjira hafi ntirwigera rugenzurwa ku bijanye n’ubwoko bw’ubuhinga bw’ivyemezo. Ivyo bitabo vy’ugutanga bikunda kwandika umubare wose w’amakarata, amakarata 500, 200 akora, ariko ntiyandika igitigiri c’amakarata canke incuro zikoreshwa. Uburyo bwo kwemera buragerageza nimba urugi rwose rufunguka, atari nimba ivyemezo biri inyuma yarwo bipfutse canke bitangaza UID idahinduka mu buryo bugaragara. Ico kinogo kiri mu karere k’umweru hagati y’umucungerezi w’itongo yinjira n’uwujejwe umutekano, uruhande rumwe rumwe rwiyumvira ko urundi rwasuzumye ivyo amakarata ari vyo. Inyubakwa zibiri zikoresha ubuhinga bumwe bwo gusoma zishobora gukoresha ubuhinga butandukanye rwose bw’amakarata, imwe iratekanye, iyindi ikaba ishobora guhindurwa mu buryo butagira akamaro, kandi itandukaniro ntiriboneka ata n’igenzura ry’ibigirankana (ACS Ltd).
Aho isoko ry'ikarata y'ubugenzuzi bw'ukwinjira ririko riraja
Isoko ry’isi yose ry’ugucungera uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ikarita-rifise agaciro k’amadolari hafi miliyari 5,75 mu 2025 kandi ritegerezwa gushika ku madolari 7,84 miliyari mu 2030, rizokura ku rugero rwa 6,4% CAGR (Ubwenge bwa Mordor). Muri iryo soko, ubuhinga bwa RFID na NFC bufise 57,75% vy’uguhuza abantu (Ubwenge bwa Mordor). n'abasomyi batagira aho bahuriye n'abandi vyariyongereyeko 38% hagati ya 2022 na 2024.
Inzira y’ukwimuka kw’ubuhinga iva kuri EM gushika kuri Mifare Classic gushika kuri Mifare DESFire gushika ku vyemezo vy’ubuhinga bwa none, intambwe yose iduza hasi y’ubuhinga bwa none. Igitutu c’amategeko kiriko kirihutisha igihe: amabwirizwa y’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi NIS2, nk’akarorero, aragura inshingano z’umutekano wo kuri interineti ku bikorwa remezo vy’ugushika ku bintu vy’umubiri mu nzego zihambaye, bikaba bituma ivyemezo vy’umuryango bitagiramwo amakuru biba ikinogo co kwubahiriza amategeko, atari gusa uguhitamwo umutekano. Ivyo gusimbuka kuva kuri DESFire EV2 gushika kuri EV3 bisa n’ibito ku mpapuro, AES-128 core nyene, ariko mu gukoresha ibihumbi vy’ibikorwa vy’umusi, itandukaniro mu nyubakwa zirwanya gusubiramwo n’umuvuduko w’ibikorwa bigena nimba ugushiraho kwawe guhagarara ku rugero rwa firmware y’umusomyi canke gukora.
Ku mashirahamwe ari hagati-ukwimuka, abasomyi b'incuro zibiri - (125kHz + 13.56MHz) ni igikoresho gisanzwe co guhindura. Bituma amakarita ya EM ya kera n’amakarita mashasha y’ubwenge ashobora kuba kumwe ku musomyi umwe mu gihe c’ugusohoka mu bice. Ivyibutso vy’ibikorwa aha ni uko umurongo wa 125kHz uguma ukora mu kiringo cose c’ihinduka, ivyo bikaba bisobanura ko igitero co gusubira inyuma, kigaragaza ikarita ya EM yakozwe kugira ngo umuntu arenge ivyemezo bishasha, bishoboka gushika umurongo wa kera uhagaze n’ibigirankana (ICT). Mu bikorwa, wandike uguhagarika kw’umurongo wa 125kHz mu masezerano y’ukwimuka nk’ikintu gihambaye gishobora gushikirizwa n’itariki itegekanijwe, atari igitabu c’itegurwa gisubirwamwo buri gihembwe igihe amakarata makeyi ya kera aguma atahinduwe.
Uko wohitamwo ikarita nziza yo gucungera umugambi wawe
Aho gutanga urutonde rw’ingingo rusangi zo guhitamwo, ng’uru urutonde rw’ingingo, mu myaka 17 y’uguhingura ivyemezo vya RFID mu kibanza c’uburebure bwa m2 3.600 gikoresha imirongo 5 y’uguhingura ku makarita 100,000+ ku musi, twabonye ubudasiba ko bitanga ivyiyumviro bikeyi vy’ukwicuza:
- Tangana n’akarorero k’iterabwoba, ntutangure n’ingengo y’imari.Sigura ibishika iyo icemezo c’uburenganzira gisubirwamwo kigakoreshwa n’umuntu ata wemerewe. Iyo ingaruka ari umuntu yinjira mu cumba co guhinduramwo ivy’imyimenyerezo, EM ni vyiza. Nimba ingaruka ari ukuronka server rack canke farmasi, reka EM na Mifare Classic vyose. Genda nyene kuri DESFire EV2/EV3 canke ku makarita ya CPU.
- Hanyuma usuzume ko sisitemu ihuye.Niba abagenzuzi b’uburyo bwo gushikako bariho bemera gusa Wiegand 26-bit input kandi ingengo y’imari ntiyemerera gusubirira umugenzuzi, ikarita em yo gucungera uburyo bwo gushikako ishobora kuba ari yo yonyene ishoboka y’igihe gito, ariko ikayifatanya n’ikintu ca kabiri (PIN, biometric) maze uyishire mu nyandiko nk’ingorane izwi n’intumbero y’ubugenzuzi y’ukwezi 12,2. gusubiramwo ntivyigera bifunga mu vy’ukuri.
- Hanyuma, kandi ni ho gusa, muganire ku giciro c’ibintu.Muku-itandukaniro ry'igiciro c'ikarita hagati ya EM na DESFireni ukuri ($0.10 vs. $1.50+ ku rugero, bishingiye ku giciro ca Syntek), ariko ni ikosa ryo gukikuza igiciro co gusubira -gushiramwo ikarita y'inyubako yose inyuma y'ivyabaye vy'umutekano canke ivy'igenzura ry'ukubahiriza amategeko.
Ikosa risanzwe ry'ugugura, n'urugero runini, ni ugusobanura "ikarita ya Mifare" ku rutonde rwo kugura ata gusobanura Classic canke DESFire, itandukaniro rigaragaza nimba ikarita ishobora guhindurwa n'igikoresho c'abaguzi c'amadolari 30 canke isaba utwigoro tw'ubuhinga bw'ibanga birenze igitero cose canditswe ku mugaragaro. Ayandi makosa asubiramwo: gutera urujijo EM4100 (soma-gusa, UID idahinduka) na T5577 (ishobora gusubirwamwo, igice gikoreshwa mu vy’ukuri imbere mu bikoresho vyo gukora cloning); kandi kwirengagiza ibisabwa vy’umusomyi igihe uva ku 125kHz uja ku 13.56MHz.
Niba umugambi wawe usaba ivyemezo vyacapwe -vya EM, Mifare, canke DESFire bifise imiterere yihariye y'ibice, Syntek'sUmurongo w'ibicuruzwa vy'ikarata RFIDipfutse urutonde rwose kuva ku makarita yera asanzwe gushika ku vyemezo vy’ugushikira vyuzuye.
Ibibazo: Ibibazo bisanzwe ku bijanye n'amakarata ya EM mu kugenzura uburenganzira bwo kwinjira
Ikibazo: Ikarata ya EM ni iki kandi ikora gute?
I: Ikarata ya EM ni ikarita y’uburebure bwa RFID idakora 125kHz itwara UID y’uruganda-yateguwe, isomwa-gusa ku gicapo ca EM4100 canke TK4100. Ico kibanza c'umusomyi giha ubushobozi antene y'ikarata, kigatuma UID irungikwa kugira ngo hagenzurwe urutonde rw'amakuru.
Ikibazo: Mbega amakarata ya EM yoshobora guhindurwa?
A: Ego. Ikarata ya EM irungika indangamuntu idahinduka ata n’imwe ipfutse, kandi amafoto akora arashobora gukorwa mu masegonda makeyi akoresheje amakopi atari menshi yo mu minwe.
Ikibazo: Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati y’ikarita ya EM n’ikarita ya Mifare?
I: Amakarata ya EM ni 125kHz, asoma-gusa, ivyemezo bitagiramwo amakuru kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kuronka amakuru y’ishimikiro. Ikarata ya Mifare ikora kuri 13.56MHz n'ububiko bwo gusoma-kwandika n'ugushigikira ububiko, bikaba bishoboza gushika ku mutekano no gukoresha ibikoresho vyinshi-.
Ikibazo: Mbega amakarata ya EM aracariko arakoreshwa cane?
A: Ego. Igiciro cavyo gito, ukuntu bihuye cane, n'ugukoreshwa kworoshe bituma biguma ari vyo bihambaye mu bidukikije vy'igiciro-bifise umutekano muto kw'isi yose.
Ikibazo: Ni ryari noshobora kuva ku makarita ya EM nkaja ku makarita y’ubwenge?
I: Igihe ikigo cawe gikora amakuru y’agaciro, gisaba inzira z’igenzura, canke kigomba gushitsa ingingo ngenderwako zo kwubahiriza amategeko. Intumbero ya DESFire EV2/EV3 n’ububiko bwa AES, si Mifare ya kera.
Ku bijanye n'ibisobanuro vy'isoko canke imiterere y'ikarita, shikira biciye kuPaje y'itohoza ry'ikarita ya RFID ya Syntek.
Wohereze Itohoza