IC Card vs ID Card: Uko wohitamwo ikarita nziza yo gukoresha kuri sisitemu yawe
Apr 23, 2026
Sima ubutumwa
Nimba inyubakwa yawe iguma ikoresha amakarata y’indangamuntu y’amajwi 125 kHz kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kwinjiramwo, ng’iki ikintu co kumenya: igikoresho co mu minwe kiri munsi y’amadolari 15 gishobora gukora clone y’ikarata yawe mu masegonda atarenga 60. Iyo karata ya clone ifungura urugi rwose iyo karata y’umwimerere ifungura. Ku barongozi b’ibibanza baherutse kwemeza gusaba amakarata y’indangamuntu menshi kugira ngo bazigame igiciro c’ibintu, igiciro nyaco kigaragara mu nyuma, igihe urutonde rwose rutegerezwa gukurwaho rugasubirwamwo.
Iki kiganiro kirasesagura itandukaniro nyaryo hagati y’amakarata ya IC n’amakarata y’indangamuntu, atari gusa verisiyo y’urupapuro rw’ibimenyetso, ariko n’itandukaniro mu vy’ukuri rigira ico rihinduye ku ngingo yawe yo gugura, umutekano wa sisitemu yawe, n’igiciro cose c’ubutunzi bwawe.
Ikarata ya IC n'ikarata y'indangamuntu: Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi mu masegonda 30
Ikarata y'indangamuntu
(125 kHz, nk’akarorero, EM4100/TK4100): Ibika gusa inomero y’urutonde idahinduka. Ikarata itangaza uwo mubare umusomyi wese ari hagati. Nta gupfuka, nta bushobozi bwo kwandika, nta gufatanya ukuboko kwo kwemeza. Umusomyi asuzuma gusa nimba uwo mubare uhuye n’inyandiko y’urutonde rw’amakuru.
Ikarata IC
(13.56 MHz, nk’akarorero, MIFARE Classic/DESFire): Irimwo igice c’umubiri gifise ubuhinga bwo kwibuka bushobora gusomwa no kwandikwa bugabanywemwo ibice vyigenga. Ishigikira ububiko, kwemeza hagati y'ikarita n'umusomyi, n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikorwa vyinshi-ku ikarita imwe.
Iyo ni yo nyishu y’igitabu c’inyigisho. Ariko nimba uriko urasuzuma ivyo kugira ngo ubikoreshe vy’ukuri, igitabu ntikikubwira ivyo mu vy’ukuri bigenda nabi, canke ivyo mu vy’ukuri bihambaye ku ngengo y’imari yawe.
Ubutandukane butanu bw'amasoko ntibuzokubwira
Umutekano w'ikarita y'ukwinjira si kabiri - ni umuco
Ikosa risanzwe mu kugura ikarita yo kwinjira: kwiyumvira ko "ikarita IC=itekanye, ikarita y'indangamuntu=ntitekanye." Ukuri ni ugutera imbere kuruta uko.
Ikarata y’indangamuntu ntaco ifise. Igikoresho cose co gusoma 125 kHz, canke igikoresho co gupima amadolari 15, kirasoma kandi kigasubiramwo inomero y’urutonde. Nta buryo bwo kubuza ivyo ku rugero rw'ikarita kuko ikarita nta buryo bwo kwemeza ko ari umunyakuri ifise.
IC cards ziratekanye cane, ariko ingene zishobora gutekana cane bivana n’ivyo uhisemwo. MIFARE Classic, ni IC chip ikoreshwa cane kw'isi yose, ikoresha ubuhinga bwo gupfuka amakuru bwitwa CRYPTO1 bwahinduwe n'abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Radboud mu mwaka w'2008.
Muri Myandagaro 2024, ibintu vyarabaye bibi cane: Abashakashatsi ba Quarkslab bavumbuye urugi rw’inyuma rw’ibikoresho mu bikoresho vya Fudan FM11RF08S, ibikoresho bikoreshwa cane bihuye na MIFARE Classic-bivuye mu kigo ca Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics. Uyu muryango w'inyuma uremerera umuntu wese afise ubumenyi bw'urufunguzo rumwe rw'isi yose guhungabanya urufunguzo rwose rwasobanuwe n'ukoresha-kuri kuri ayo makarita mu minota mike. Ivyo bikoresho bifise iyo ndwara bishirwa mu mahoteli, mu biro no mu bibanza vyo gutwara abantu n’ibintu muri Amerika, Uburayi, Ubushinwa n’Ubuhindi.
Ivyo bisigura iki ku ngingo yawe yo gutanga amasoko:
Iyo umuntu akuvuze "IC cards" atamenyesheje modele ya chip n'urugero rw'icemezo c'umutekano wayo, ntuba uriko uraronka ivyiza vy'umutekano. Uriko uraronka ikarita izimvye cane ishobora kuba ishobora gushikirwa n’ingorane nk’iyo nyene. Ivyiyumviro vy’umutekano w’ikarita IC ni:
| Urugero rw'umutekano | Ingero z'ibice | Gushiramwo amakuru | Bibereye |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | EM4100, TK4100 (ikarata y'indangamuntu) | None | Parking, igihe c'umushitsi |
| Iragi (ryahungabanijwe) | MIFARE ya kera 1K/4K | KRIPITO1 (yavunitse) | Igihe co kwitaba c'umutekano gito- |
| Urugero rwa hagati- | MIFARE yongerako (uburyo bwa SL3) | AES-128 | Ukwinjira mu biro, amakarata y'ishure |
| Hejuru | UMURIRO EV2/EV3 (EAL5+ yemejwe) | AES-128, uburenganzira bwo gufatanya | Ibibanza vy'amakuru, ibikorwa vy'ivy'amahera |
| Hejuru | Ikarita ya CPU (ikarita ya Java) | PKI-ibishoboka | Leta, igisirikare |
Ido n’ido rimwe imeza ntishobora kwerekana: MIFARE Plus ifise ingero zitatu z’umutekano (SL1, SL2, SL3), ariko benshi mu bafatanyabikorwa bashiraho amakarata ya Plus mu buryo bwa SL1 kugira ngo bashobore gusubira inyuma n’abasomyi ba Classic bariho. Mu buryo bwa SL1, umutekano w’ikarita ni nk’uwa MIFARE Classic isanzwe. Ivyo ni ibisanzwe "guhindura spec ku mpapuro, nta guhindura mu bikorwa". Igihe cose wemeze urugero rw’umutekano rukoreshwa vy’ukuri, atari gusa urugero rw’igice gicapwe ku kwemeza kw’itegeko.
Syntek itanga amakarata yo kwinjira mu bice bitanu vyose vyavuzwe haruguru, kuvaIkarata y'indangamuntu EM4100/TK4100biciye ku MIFARE DESFumuriro EV2/EV3 naIkarata ya CPU yo gucungera umutekano mwinshi. Ikarata yose ya IC irungikwa n’umuderi wa chip icapwe ku rupapuro rwo gutanga, kuko ikarita idafise chip spec yanditswe ni ikarita udashobora kugenzura.
"Ikarita ihendutse" iragura vyinshi mu gihe kirekire
Ku madolari 0.08–0.15 ku kimwe cose ku makarita y’indangamuntu EM4100 ugereranije n’amadolari 0.30–0.60 ku makarita ya MIFARE DESFire, amafaranga azigamiwe ku ikarita ku 5.000-ikarata asa n’ay’ukuri. Ariko igiciro c’ikarata ni umurongo umwe gusa ku rupapuro rw’igiciro cose.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ikarata y’indangamuntu bubika amakuru ataco amaze ku ikarita ubwayo. Ingingo yose yo gushikira isaba umusomyi kubaza urutonde rw’amakuru rwo hagati mu gihe nyaco. Ivyo bisigura ko umusomyi wese akeneye gufatanya n’urubuga (ugushiramwo ama cable menshi, ahantu henshi hashobora gusenyuka), kwagura system bisigura gusubiza abasomyi bashasha kuri server, kandi nta gikorwa co hanze y’urubuga kibaho: iyo urubuga rwamanutse, inzugi ziguma zikingiwe canke zigafunguka.
IC card systems zibika uruhusha ku ikarita. Abasomyi barashobora gufata ingingo zo kuronka aho hantu. Kwagura sisitemu bisigura gushiramwo umusomyi no gutunganya imice y’amakarata, nta nsinga nshasha zija kuri server zikenewe.
Ishirahamwe rimwe ricungera amazu ryo mu gisagara ca Shenzhen ryaramenye ivyo inyuma y’aho igenzura ry’imbere mu gihugu rigaragaje ko garaje yabo y’uguhagarara itanga amatike y’ukwezi menshi kuruta ayo iyo sisitemu yari ifise mu nyandiko. Itohoza ryakozwe n’abakozi bariko barasubiramwo amakarata y’indangamuntu y’amajwi 125 kHz bakoresheje amakarata y’ubusa ya Taobao. Kubera ko ayo makarita ata n’ivyo gupfuka, nta nzitizi y’ubuhinga yariho: umuntu wese afise igikoresho co gukora cloner c’amadolari 15 yari gushobora gukora kopi ikora. Iyo sosiyete yarakuyeho uburyo bwose bwo gutanga amakarata y’indangamuntu, yongera -ikoresha amakarata ya IC yashizwemwo amakuru, yishura incuro zibiri ivyo vyari bikwiye gukorwa rimwe.
Multi-Ibikorwa: Ikarita imwe, Sisitemu nyinshi
Ivyicaro cumi n’itandatu vyigenga. Ivyo nivyo ikarita ya MIFARE Classic 1K IC iguha, kandi buri rwego rushobora gukoresha ubuhinga butandukanye n’imfunguruzo zarwo zo gupfuka: kugenzura ukwinjira ku rwego rwa mbere, igihe co kuja ku rwego rwa kabiri, kwishura mu kafeteri ku rwego rwa gatatu.
Ivyo ntibishobora gukora amakarata y’indangamuntu. Ikarata imwe, inomero imwe y’urutonde, igikorwa kimwe. Niba ushaka kwongerako amahera y’ivyo kurya ku buryo bwo gushikamwo, ushobora gutanga ikarita ya kabiri canke ugasubiriza ibikorwa remezo vyose.
Ku bibanza vy'amashure yisumbuye n'ivy'inganda aho "imwe-ikarata-ku-vyose" ni co ciyumviro, ivyo vyonyene bikuraho amakarita y'indangamuntu ya 125 kHz. Syntek ikora amakarita y'ibikorwa vyinshi-n'amakarata y'incuro zibiri afatanya igice ca 125 kHz n'igice ca 13.56 MHz ku mubiri w'ikarita imwe, ni ko na vyo nyene bikora cane.
Kubera iki ikarita yawe yo gukoresha telefone ngendanwa idakoresha amakarata y'indangamuntu
Telefone z’abakozi bawe zikoresha NFC ku 13.56 MHz, ni ukuvuga incuro zimwe n’iz’amakarata ya IC. Ivyo bisigura ko amakuru y’ikarita IC ashobora guhabwa amatelefone, bikaba bishoboza gukoresha telefone ngendanwa zishingiye kuri NFC-ata makarita y’umubiri.
Ikarata y’indangamuntu iri ku 125 kHz ntiyiboneka rwose ku bikoresho vya NFC vya telefone. Nta muti uriho. Nimba ikarita y’inzira y’ikibanza cawe irimwo uburyo bwo gukoresha telefone ngendanwa mu myaka itatu canke itanu izoza, uburyo bwo gukoresha ikarata y’indangamuntu y’ubuhinga bwa 125 kHz ni inzira y’umusaraba. Kugira ngo ubone neza ingene NFC ikora mu bidukikije vyo kugenzura uburenganzira bwo gukoresha, raba ivya SyntekIntangamarara y'uburyo bwo kugenzura ukwinjira kwa RFID.
Kubera iki ikarita yawe yo gukoresha telefone ngendanwa idakoresha amakarata y'indangamuntu
Niba ubu uriko urakoresha ubuhinga bw’ikarata y’indangamuntu 125 kHz kandi ibice vy’umutekano biguhagaritse umutima, gusubirira ubuhinga bwose si co kintu conyene co guhitamwo. Abasomyi b'incuro zibiri-bashobora gukoresha amakarata yose 125 kHz na 13.56 MHz icarimwe. Ifatanijwe n'amakarata y'incuro zibiri- (ikarata imwe irimwo ID na IC chip), ushobora kwimurira abakoresha mu bice: nta musi umwe-uguhagarika, nta guhagarika ibikorwa.
Igihe kwimuka kw'incuro zibiri-bifata mu vy'ukuri bivana n'umubare w'ibibanza vyo gushikako, igipimo c'abakozi, n'uko porogaramu yawe y'inyuma ikeneye guhindurwa. Inzu y’ibiro y’inzugi 20-yoshobora kurangira mu mezi atatu. Igihugu c'inganda c'inyubako nyinshi-gifise abakozi bava hanze n'abakozi benshi coshobora gutwara umwaka urenga kugira ngo umuntu akureho amakarata ya kera. Urudodo rusangi ni uko uburyo bw’incuro zibiri bugufasha gukwiragiza amafaranga y’itunganywa ry’amahera mu nzira z’ingengo y’imari yawe aho kuyafata nk’amahera amwe.
Igihe amakarata y'indangamuntu agifise insiguro
Si ikintu cose gikeneye umutekano wo ku rwego rwa IC-. Iyunguruzo ryihuse ry'ingingo:
Hitamwo amakarata y'indangamuntu 125 kHz nimba
uriko uracungera amabarabara yuguruye afise ibisabwa vy'umutekano muto, uburenganzira bw'abashitsi bw'igihe gito aho amakarata yegeranywa agasubirwamwo buri musi (ingorane zo gukora cloning ni nto cane kubera ko ubuzima bw'amakarata ari bugufi), canke ingengo y'imari-ikoreshwa ry'abasomyi ririho aho ibikorwa remezo vy'abasomyi biriho ari 125 kHz to}d kandi nta multi{app}d.
Hitamwo amakarita ya IC nimba
ivyo vyose muri ibi bikurikira birakora: ikibanza cawe gifise ahantu umuntu ashobora gushika ata wemerewe ashobora gutuma umuntu agira uruhara (ivyumba vy’abakozi, ama laboratwari, amagorofa y’abarongozi); ukeneye ikarita imwe kugira ngo ukore mu bijanye no kugenzura ukwinjira, ukuza, n’ukwishura; politike yawe y’umutekano isaba inzira z’igenzura ku muntu wese afise ikarita; canke witega kwemera gukoresha NFC y’amatelefone ngendanwa mu myaka itatu.
Niba ivyo ukeneye bigwa mu mugwi wa kabiri, ikibazo gikurikira si "IC canke ID" ariko "ni uruhe rugero rwa IC rujanye n'ingorane zawe." Raba imeza y’umutekano iri hejuru maze uyizane mu kiyago cawe c’umuguzi.
Uko wosuzuma ivyo uriko uraronka mu vy'ukuri
Imbere yo gusaba ikarita y'ukwinjira mu bwinshi, wemeze ibintu bitatu n'uwuguha ibicuruzwa:
Igishushanyo c'ivyuma, si "ikarata IC" gusa.
Basabe iyo chip yihariye: MIFARE Classic, MIFARE Plus, DESFire EV2, canke ikindi kintu. Nimba uwugurisha adashobora kubisobanura, birashoboka ko bariko barahitamwo uburyo buzimvye kuruta ubundi. Kuri Syntek, igivugwa cose kivuga urutonde rw’ibigereranyo nyavyo vy’ibice vy’umubiri n’ivy’ibice vy’umubiri bishobora gukurikirana, kuko ivyo tubisaba ku bacuruzi bacu b’ibice vy’umubiri imbere yo kwemera ibikoresho biza.
Ubuhinga bwo gutangura urufunguzo.
Ni nde akora porogarama y’imfunguruzo zo gupfuka, ni uwuzikora canke ni wewe? Iyo amakarita yoherejwe n'imfunguruzo z'imbere zitahindutse, amakarita yawe "apfutse" arashobora guhungabana nk'amakarata y'indangamuntu. Ivyo Fudan yavumbuye mu 2024 vyerekanye ko mbere n'ibice vy'umubiri bigurishwa nk'ibikomeye bishobora gutwara ubugoyagoye bwo ku rugero rw'uruganda-. Twarabonye abaguzi baronka amakarita ya DESFire EV2 avuye ku bandi bacuruzi aho imice yose yari igifise imfunguruzo z’uruganda rwa NXP, kubera ko uburyo bw’umunyamuryango butashigikiye ugutanga imfunguruzo zisanzwe. Bategerezwa guhindura abagurisha no gusubira -ikarita y'ugushirwaho kwose.
Uguhuza kw’abasomyi.
Wemeze incuro abasomyi bawe bariho n'ubufasha bw'amasezerano imbere yo gusaba. Ikarata IC ya 13.56 MHz ifatanijwe n’igikoresho co gusoma 125 kHz-gusa ni igikoresho gizimvye co gupima impapuro. Niba utazi neza ibijanye n'ibisobanuro vy'umusomyi wawe, Syntek ishobora kuguhazompi ID na IC ikarata y'akarorero ifise inyandiko z'ibisobanuro vya chiprero urashobora kugerageza ukuntu bihuye imbere yo kwiyemeza gusaba vyinshi.
Intambwe ikurikira
Guhitamwo hagati ya IC n’ikarata y’indangamuntu ni co gitangura. Ingingo nyayo ni uruhe chip, urugero rw’umutekano, n’ubwubatsi bwa system bujanye n’ikibanza cawe.
Syntek ikora amakarita yo gushika kuri EM4100 biciye ku makarita ya DESFire EV3 na CPU, ikaba ishobora gukora amakarita arenga miliyoni 3 ku kwezi. Niba uriko urasuzuma ugushirwaho gushasha canke uriko urategura kwimuka kuva kuri 125 kHz,gusaba ivyitegererezo vy'ubuntu bifise ibisobanuro vyuzuye bivuye kuri Syntek RFIDkugira ngo ugerageze abasomyi bawe bariho. Tubwire uko system yawe ikora ubu maze tuzogusaba urugero rwa chip rujanye n’ivyo usaba ku bijanye n’umutekano n’ingengo y’imari yawe, atari gusa uburyo buzimvye kuruta ubundi bwose buri ku ruhande.
Wohereze Itohoza